{"id":25908,"date":"2023-04-11T21:11:58","date_gmt":"2023-04-12T04:11:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/?p=25908"},"modified":"2023-04-11T21:12:00","modified_gmt":"2023-04-12T04:12:00","slug":"the-true-history-behind-the-plot-against-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/2023\/04\/11\/the-true-history-behind-the-plot-against-america\/","title":{"rendered":"The True History Behind \u2018The Plot Against America\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/category\/history\/\">HISTORY<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0MARCH 16, 2020 (smithsonianmag.com)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Philip Roth\u2019s classic novel, newly adapted by HBO, envisions a world in which Charles Lindbergh wins the 1940 presidential election<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/filer\/7b\/74\/7b74aef5-5fea-4ba5-b006-cc94b92db134\/plot.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Charles Lindbergh, Walter Winchell and Franklin D. Roosevelt (L to R) are among the public figures fictionalized in Philip Roth&#8217;s&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America<\/em>.&nbsp;Photo illustration by Meilan Solly \/ Photos via Getty Images<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com\/RyUrvKDoyiRoaygVAUVpG6MN0VU=\/fit-in\/160x80\/filters:no_upscale()\/https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/accounts\/headshot\/mellon.png\" alt=\"Meilan Solly\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/author\/meilan-solly\/\">Meilan Solly<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Associate Editor, History<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Plot Against America<\/em>&nbsp;unfolds in a world much like our own. Set in Newark, New Jersey, on the eve of World War II, Philip Roth\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Plot-Against-America-Philip-Roth\/dp\/1400079497\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2004 novel<\/a>&nbsp;finds its protagonist, a fictionalized version of the 7-year-old author himself, leading a banal existence punctuated by nightly radio news broadcasts, dinners with his all-American Jewish family and neighborhood excursions undertaken to fill the halcyon hours of summer vacation. Then, the writer-narrator recounts, \u201c[T]he Republicans nominated Lindbergh and everything changed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What follows is an alternate history penned in the same vein as Philip K. Dick\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Man-High-Castle-Philip-Dick\/dp\/0547572484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Man in the High Castle<\/em><\/a>, a 1962 novel recently&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt1740299\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">adapted for television<\/a>&nbsp;by Amazon Studios. Like&nbsp;<em>High Castle<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America<\/em>\u2014the subject of a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbo.com\/the-plot-against-america\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">new HBO limited series<\/a>&nbsp;of the same name\u2014poses the age-old question of \u201cWhat if?\u201d But while the former depicts a world in which the Axis powers won the war, the latter places its departure from the historical record prior to the conflict\u2019s peak, envisioning a virulently isolationist United States that nevertheless ends up entangled in international affairs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seamlessly blending truth and imagination,&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America&nbsp;<\/em>pits aviator Charles A. Lindbergh against incumbent Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential election. Voters\u2019 choice, argues the&nbsp;<em>Spirit of St. Louis&nbsp;<\/em>pilot and fervent \u201cAmerica Firster\u201d in a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T_Xu6FuP-IM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">trailer for the series<\/a>, is not between Lindbergh and Roosevelt, but \u201cbetween Lindbergh and war.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-embed-handler wp-block-embed-embed-handler wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Plot Against America: Official Teaser | HBO\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/T_Xu6FuP-IM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Roth\u2019s account of a celebrity-turned-politician winning the presidency on a platform of fearmongering and \u201cothering\u201d proved more prophetic than he could have predicted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s a story of an American dystopia,\u201d explains \u201cThe Plot Against America\u201d showrunner David Simon to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/variety.com\/2020\/tv\/features\/hunters-the-plot-against-america-antisemitism-nazis-tv-2020-1203509904\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Variety<\/em><\/a>\u2019s Will Thorne. \u201cIt seems startlingly prescient in that it anticipates a politician who seizes upon a very simple message and is able to activate the worst fears and impulses of a significant number of Americans. He gets them to relinquish not only power, but some of the most essential bulwarks of self-governance.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the Roth family, renamed the Levins in the HBO show, and many of the characters mentioned in&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America&nbsp;<\/em>are based on real people, much of the narrative is entirely contrived. From the true extent of Lindbergh\u2019s anti-Semitic views to the rise of the \u201cAmerica First\u201d movement, here\u2019s what you need to know to separate fact from fiction ahead of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbo.com\/the-plot-against-america\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">six-part series<\/a>\u2019 March 16 premiere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Is&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America<\/em>&nbsp;based on a true story?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com\/D93DzzaP30BYkXpY7LJ8oVuVJvw=\/fit-in\/1072x0\/filters:focal(577x325:578x326)\/https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/filer\/8f\/d9\/8fd9e691-9ecc-45bb-afae-6e6e4c8e9295\/cq5damweb1200675.jpeg\" alt=\"Philip and Sandy Levin\"\/><figcaption>Philip (left, portrayed by Azhy Robertson) and his older brother, Sandy (right, portrayed by Caleb Malis)&nbsp;HBO<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As Roth wrote in a 2004 essay for the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2004\/09\/19\/books\/review\/the-story-behind-the-plot-against-america.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>New York Times<\/em><\/a>, \u201cTo alter the historical reality by making Lindbergh America\u2019s 33rd president while keeping everything else as close to factual truth as I could\u2014that was the job as I saw it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The main conceit of&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America&nbsp;<\/em>is a fictional Lindbergh presidency. Set between June 1940 and October 1942, the novel opens with the aviator\u2019s unexpected bid as the Republican Party\u2019s nominee and proceeds to envision how the war would have unfolded if the United States had not only stayed out of the fight, but colluded with the Axis powers and instituted Nazi-inspired restrictions on Jewish Americans\u2019 freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Roth\u2019s book features prominent public figures\u2014including Roosevelt, gossip columnist&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1998\/11\/18\/arts\/he-turned-gossip-into-tawdry-power-walter-winchell-who-climbed-high-fell-far.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Walter Winchell<\/a>, non-interventionist Democratic senator&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/specials\/packages\/article\/0,28804,1827969_1827972_1828027,00.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Burton K. Wheeler<\/a>, New York City Mayor&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Fiorello-H-La-Guardia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fiorello H. La Guardia<\/a>, industrialist and avowed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/henryford-antisemitism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">anti-Semite<\/a>&nbsp;Henry Ford, and German Foreign Minister&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Joachim-von-Ribbentrop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Joachim von Ribbentrop<\/a>\u2014in roles ranging from key players to cameo appearances. In line with the author\u2019s goal of adhering to reality whenever possible, sentiments shared by these individuals are actual quotes or plausible fabrications built on the existing historical record.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com\/1IgQUd4e1ncgrF7QM2eT7jmLg7w=\/fit-in\/1072x0\/filters:focal(1740x833:1741x834)\/https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/filer\/d7\/67\/d767e5b2-41b8-4fc8-9889-e0faf3de46d9\/gettyimages-50396462.jpg\" alt=\"Philip Roth\"\/><figcaption>Author Philip Roth in the Newark, New Jersey, neighborhood where he grew up&nbsp;Photo by Bob Peterson \/ The LIFE Images Collection via Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Lindbergh, for example, really did accuse Jews of being \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.charleslindbergh.com\/americanfirst\/speech.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">war agitators<\/a>.\u201d He also cautioned against \u201cthe infiltration of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shoppbs.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/lindbergh\/sfeature\/fallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">inferior blood<\/a>\u201d and \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=2ridDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA245&amp;lpg=PA245&amp;dq=%22dilution+by+foreign+races%22+charles+lindbergh&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_yrJSmkC3b&amp;sig=ACfU3U1l8ddn2kRtYWwL7HSwzLbeAmYC9Q&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjbjLjS3oHoAhVml3IEHblbADoQ6AEwBXoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22dilution%20by%20foreign%20races%22%20charles%20lindbergh&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dilution by foreign races<\/a>.\u201d He did not, however, declare, as he does in the book, that with the German invasion of the U.S.S.R., \u201cAdolf Hitler has established himself as the world\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=J2h8mDeDU5UC&amp;pg=PA83&amp;lpg=PA83&amp;dq=%22adolf+hitler+has+established+himself+as+the+world%27s+greatest+safeguard+against+the+spread+of+communism+and+its+evils%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=zYfNlPlIHU&amp;sig=ACfU3U0SA85X9ilGbBfSTK_8N-MCzC8bSA&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjb8LyQ34HoAhVognIEHaPtAVUQ6AEwAnoECAsQAQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">greatest safeguard<\/a>&nbsp;against the spread of communism and its evils.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of the work\u2019s central characters, most are dramatized versions of real people. Young Philip (played by Azhy Robertson in the HBO series) and his immediate family members borrow their names from Roth\u2019s actual relatives: Herman (Morgan Spector), family patriarch and insurance salesman; his mother, Elizabeth, or \u201cBess\u201d for short (Zoe Kazan); and older brother, Sandy (Caleb Malis). But while Philip\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geni.com\/people\/Herman-Roth\/6000000014543736463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cousin<\/a>&nbsp;Alvin (Anthony Boyle) and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geni.com\/people\/Bess-Roth\/6000000014543715180\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">aunt<\/a>&nbsp;Evelyn (Winona Ryder) play major roles in both the book and the show, neither has a direct real-life counterpart. Lionel Bengelsdorf (John Turturro), a conservative rabbi who attracts the Jewish community\u2019s ire for his steadfast support of Lindbergh (Ben Cole), is also fictional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What time period does&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America<\/em>&nbsp;cover?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The novel\u2019s alternate timeline is fairly straightforward, particularly toward the end of the novel, when Roth shifts from a first-person narrative to a day-by-day, newsreel-style account. Lindbergh soundly defeats Roosevelt in the November 1940 presidential election and, just weeks after his inauguration, meets Adolf Hitler to sign a so-called \u201cIceland Understanding\u201d guaranteeing peaceful relations between the U.S. and Germany. A similar \u201cHawaii Understanding\u201d paves the way for Japan\u2019s unimpeded expansion across Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Jews of America find themselves subjected to increasing anti-Semitism and thinly veiled restrictions on their livelihood. The Office of American Absorption, established to encourage \u201cAmerica\u2019s religious and national minorities to become further incorporated into the larger society,\u201d indoctrinates Jewish teenagers by sending them to the country\u2019s rural heartland for summer \u201capprenticeships\u201d; an initiative dubbed Homestead 42 similarly relocates urban Jewish families, framing forced relocation as a \u201conce-in-a-lifetime opportunity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some, like Philip\u2019s parents, are convinced the government is attempting to \u201clull [Jewish Americans] to sleep with the ridiculous dream that everything in America is hunky-dory.\u201d Others, like his aunt Evelyn and older brother, decry these fears as the result of a \u201cpersecution complex.\u201d Needless to say, the Roth parents prove correct in their assessment of the situation, and before the end of the book, readers are treated to a dystopian vision of a country plagued by pogroms, fascist totalitarianism and the unmitigated reversal of the very rights Herman Roth previously cited as exemplars of America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com\/Jc7yQ1iZpQRHa7CnaqB_SwCJNSU=\/fit-in\/1072x0\/filters:focal(571x342:572x343)\/https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/filer\/9d\/b0\/9db095e8-1cd0-4454-84f2-792c08be5529\/cq5damweb1200675_1.jpeg\" alt=\"Rabbi Lionel Bengelsdorf\"\/><figcaption>The fictional Rabbi Lionel Bengelsdorf (John Turturro) attracts the Jewish community&#8217;s ire for his support of Charles Lindbergh.&nbsp;HBO<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>But&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America<\/em>\u2019s break from history is only temporary. By December 1942, Lindbergh has been vanquished, FDR is back in office, and the U.S.\u2014reeling from a surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor\u2014has entered the war on the Allies\u2019 side. Despite this late arrival, the Americans still manage to secure victory in Europe by May 1945.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In truth, the \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.charleslindbergh.com\/americanfirst\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">America First<\/a>\u201d mentality that enables Roth\u2019s version of Lindbergh to win the presidency was fairly widespread prior to Pearl Harbor. At its peak, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.ushmm.org\/americans-and-the-holocaust\/main\/america-first-committee-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">America First Committee<\/a>, founded by a group of isolationist Yale University students in 1940, swelled to 800,000 members recruited from all regions of the country. Lindbergh emerged as the movement\u2019s biggest proponent, but other well-known figures were also involved with the committee: Among others, the list includes Walt Disney, Sinclair Lewis, future president Gerald Ford and future Supreme Court justice Potter Stewart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>America Firsters argued against U.S. involvement in the war, presenting themselves as the \u201cpinnacle of American patriotism and American traditions,\u201d says Bradley W. Hart, author of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Hitlers-American-Friends-Reichs-Supporters\/dp\/1250148952\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Hitler\u2019s American Friends: The Third Reich\u2019s Supporters in the United States<\/em><\/a>. Members emphasized defense over offense and attempted to paint themselves as patriots \u201cinterested only in preventing\u201d the number of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goldstarmoms.com\/our-history.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gold star mothers<\/a>\u201d\u2014those whose children died in service\u2014from growing, according to Hart. Though many members held anti-Semitic sentiments and sympathized with the Nazis, such opinions became an increasing liability as the war in Europe raged on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com\/BUOXNaF1l5mNBfBmjKa7uJ20M0o=\/fit-in\/1072x0\/filters:focal(285x161:286x162)\/https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/filer\/c2\/0e\/c20ee21c-538b-4887-92e0-a077f5c18f2c\/screen_shot_2020-03-13_at_23908_pm.png\" alt=\"America First Committee meeting\"\/><figcaption>General view of a large crowd attending an America First Committee (AFC) rally circa 1941 in New York City&nbsp;Photo by Irving Haberman \/ IH Images \/ Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>During the first half of the 20th century, anti-Semitism was fairly widespread across the United States, manifesting at \u201cevery level of society and across the country,\u201d writes historian Julian E. Zelizer in the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2018\/10\/americas-long-history-anti-semitism\/574234\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Atlantic<\/em><\/a>. Automotive titan Henry Ford published a propaganda paper blaming \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/henryford-antisemitism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the Jews<\/a>\u201d for all of society\u2019s ills, while radio personality&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/charles-e-coughlin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Father Charles Coughlin<\/a>&nbsp;regularly spouted anti-Semitic sentiments to his audience of some 30 million weekly listeners. Even institutions like Harvard, Yale, Columbia and Princeton enacted anti-Semitic policies: As Zelizer writes, all four universities imposed quotas on the number of Jewish students admitted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The America First Committee\u2019s efforts culminated in&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.charleslindbergh.com\/americanfirst\/speech.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a 1941 speech<\/a>&nbsp;Lindbergh delivered at a rally in Des Moines, Iowa. The aviator accused three groups\u2014the British, the Roosevelt administration and American Jews\u2014of \u201cagitating for war.\u201d Predicting that the \u201cJewish groups in this country \u2026 will be among the first to feel [war\u2019s] consequences,\u201d he argued that the \u201cgreatest danger to this country lies in [Jews\u2019] large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio and our government.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Critics roundly condemned Lindbergh\u2019s words as anti-Semitic. Writing for the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nluuyZI68YIC&amp;pg=PA302&amp;lpg=PA302&amp;dq=%22I+am+absolutely+certain+that+Lindbergh+is+pro-Nazi,%22+dorothy+thompson&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=dYcOQrzHiV&amp;sig=dLI-Gv_PJwuLgO8W7yRXT9iVF8Y&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwidx4Su1NPRAhUG5yYKHRXjAgwQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=%22I%20am%20absolutely%20certain%20that%20Lindbergh%20is%20pro-Nazi%2C%22%20dorothy%20thompson&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>New York Herald Tribune<\/em><\/a>, columnist Dorothy Thompson expressed an opinion shared by many, declaring, \u201cI am absolutely certain that Lindbergh is pro-Nazi.\u201d Republican presidential nominee Wendell Willkie&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.ushmm.org\/events\/charles-lindbergh-makes-un-american-speech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">called the speech<\/a>&nbsp;\u201cthe most un-American talk made in my time by any person of national reputation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The America First Committee officially disbanded three days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why Charles Lindbergh?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In May 1927, 25-year-old Charles A. Lindbergh skyrocketed to fame after completing the first successful non-stop, solo transatlantic flight. (As Bess tells her husband in a \u201cPlot Against America\u201d&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RwMwrft7So8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">trailer<\/a>, \u201cTo most people, there\u2019s never been a bigger hero in their lifetime.\u201d) Dubbed \u201cLucky Lindy\u201d and the \u201cLone Eagle,\u201d he became an international celebrity, garnering his influence to promote the field of aviation. In 1929, he married&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2001\/02\/08\/books\/anne-morrow-lindbergh-94-dies-champion-of-flight-and-women-s-concerns.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Anne Morrow<\/a>, daughter of a prominent American financier and diplomat; shortly after, the couple welcomed a baby boy, whose kidnapping and murder three years later sparked a media circus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Overwhelmed by the publicity, the family fled to Europe. While living abroad, Lindbergh, acting at the U.S. military\u2019s request, made multiple trips to Germany to assess the country\u2019s aviation capabilities. He was impressed by what he encountered: As historian&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brandeis.edu\/facultyguide\/person.html?emplid=0adcef42793cb212c9d013f9b84de92bfbcf6972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Thomas Doherty<\/a>&nbsp;says, Nazi Germany shared Lindbergh\u2019s admiration of \u201cSpartan physicality\u201d and aviation-centric militarism. In 1938, the American hero attracted intense criticism for accepting\u2014and later declining to return\u2014a medal from Nazi military and political leader Hermann G\u00f6ring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After moving back to the U.S. in April 1939, Lindbergh became a key figurehead of the America First movement. He spoke at rallies, denouncing the war as a European affair with no relevance to the U.S., and soon shifted from isolationism to outright anti-Semitism. Among his most patently bigoted remarks: Western nations \u201ccan have peace and security only so long as we band together to preserve that&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/news\/news-desk\/america-first-for-charles-lindbergh-and-donald-trump\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">most priceless possession, our inheritance of European blood<\/a>\u201d and \u201cIt seems that anything can be discussed today in America except the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commentarymagazine.com\/articles\/louis-berg-2\/the-wartime-journals-of-charles-a-lindbergh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jewish problem<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Radio broadcaster&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1998\/11\/18\/arts\/he-turned-gossip-into-tawdry-power-walter-winchell-who-climbed-high-fell-far.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Walter Winchell<\/a>&nbsp;emerged as one of Lindbergh\u2019s most steadfast critics, updating Lindy\u2019s \u201cLone Eagle\u201d nickname to the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NpIpJI7nYV4C&amp;pg=PA61&amp;lpg=PA61&amp;dq=charles+lindbergh+the+lone+%22ostrich%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=4nEw9Qkglb&amp;sig=ACfU3U1A5gmbGiIrxCbkorgYaed0u3GRhA&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjz0b2ns4boAhVOmHIEHfJhANAQ6AEwCXoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=charles%20lindbergh%20the%20lone%20%22ostrich%22&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lone Ostrich<\/a>\u201d and arguing that the aviator gave up the country\u2019s goodwill to become the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/news\/revisiting-lindbergh-winchell-plot-america-guest-column-1280950\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">star \u2018Shill\u2019<\/a>&nbsp;for the America First Committee.\u201d Roth\u2019s fictionalized Winchell takes a similarly irreverent approach, decrying Lindbergh as \u201cour fascist-loving president\u201d and his supporters as \u201cLindbergh\u2019s fascists.\u201d But while&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America<\/em>\u2019s version of Winchell defies the reviled commander-in-chief by staging his own presidential bid, the real journalist never ran for office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com\/dpN_lHELA8VC4ob_2TIk3WYO104=\/fit-in\/1072x0\/filters:focal(1922x1250:1923x1251)\/https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/filer\/e1\/f2\/e1f2165a-0e72-46bd-b8b3-6eebf90d7a6e\/gettyimages-515035066.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Lindbergh and Burton K. Wheeler\"\/><figcaption>Charles Lindbergh (right) and Senator Burton K. Wheeler (left) at a May 23, 1941, &#8220;America First&#8221; rally in New York&nbsp;Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>During the 1930s, Lindbergh and his other&nbsp;<em>Plot Against America&nbsp;<\/em>presidential rival, Franklin D. Roosevelt, were arguably the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lynneolson.com\/lindbergh-vs-roosevelt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">two most famous men<\/a>&nbsp;in the country. But while many respected the pilot, few viewed him as a viable political candidate. According to Hart, an August 1939 poll found that just 9 percent of Americans wanted Lindbergh, whose name had been raised as a potential alternative to Roosevelt, to run for the nation\u2019s highest office. Of these individuals, less than three-fourths (72 percent) thought he would actually make a good president.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though Roosevelt personally supported America entering the conflict, he \u201chedged and waffled on war\u201d while campaigning during the 1940 presidential race, says&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.williams.edu\/humanities\/sdunn\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Susan Dunn<\/a>, author of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/1940-Willkie-Lindbergh-Hitler_the-Election\/dp\/0300205740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler\u2014The Election Amid the Storm<\/em><\/a>. \u201cAt the same time that he was speaking against American involvement in war,\u201d adds Dunn, \u201chis administration was preparing for possible war\u201d by instituting a peacetime draft and formulating lists of priorities in the event that war broke out. Like Roosevelt, his real-life Republican opponent, businessman&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2018\/10\/wendell-willkie\/572290\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wendell Willkie<\/a>, was an interventionist and anti-fascist, though he, too, toned down these views on the campaign trail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There was no love lost between Roosevelt and Lindbergh: The president likened the pilot to the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Copperhead-American-political-faction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Copperheads<\/a>\u201d who had opposed the American Civil War, labeling him a \u201cdefeatist and appeaser.\u201d Lindbergh, in turn, called the Roosevelt administration one of three groups \u201cagitating for war\u201d and accused it of practicing \u201csubterfuge\u201d to force the U.S. into \u201ca foreign war.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The president\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=rAiVCRELHsQC&amp;pg=PA212&amp;lpg=PA212&amp;dq=%22i%27ll+clip+that+young+man%27s+wings%22+roosevelt+lindbergh&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=WBe2NvmIn4&amp;sig=ACfU3U2KkUMlwRjo7LiWSoI5ioZ_zgrYcQ&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwju0rPgzYboAhUTgnIEHRtqCBIQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22i'll%20clip%20that%20young%20man's%20wings%22%20roosevelt%20lindbergh&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">distaste for Lindbergh<\/a>&nbsp;continued well beyond the United States\u2019 1941 entry into the war. Though the pilot attempted to volunteer for the Army Air Corps, he was blocked from doing so and forced to settle for a consulting position with Henry Ford\u2019s bomber development program. Later in the war, under the auspices of United Aircraft, he was stationed in the Pacific theater, where he participated in around&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/10-fascinating-facts-about-charles-lindbergh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">50 combat missions<\/a>&nbsp;despite his official status as a civilian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lindbergh\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shoppbs.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/lindbergh\/sfeature\/fallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reputation<\/a>&nbsp;never fully recovered from his pre-war politics. Once the aviator accepted a medal from G\u00f6ring, says Doherty, \u201cthe universal affection Americans had for Lindbergh dissipates, and people divide[d] into camps. There are still a lot of Americans that will always love Lindbergh, \u2026 but he becomes an increasingly provocative and controversial figure.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com\/wLn904r_aWePNiYQTczXjBmhgds=\/fit-in\/1072x0\/filters:focal(2016x1190:2017x1191)\/https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/filer\/fc\/38\/fc381560-5cca-4021-9ec5-92f8968c65a3\/gettyimages-515168842.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Lindbergh enrolls in America First Committee\"\/><figcaption>Charles Lindbergh (left) enrolls as a member of the America First Committee.&nbsp;Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Whether the pilot actually came to regret his comments is a point of contention among scholars. Though his wife later&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.charleslindbergh.com\/ny\/105.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">claimed as much<\/a>, he never personally&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shoppbs.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/lindbergh\/sfeature\/fallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">apologized<\/a>&nbsp;for his comments. Roth, writing in 2004,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2004\/09\/19\/books\/review\/the-story-behind-the-plot-against-america.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">argued<\/a>&nbsp;that \u201che was at heart a white supremacist, and \u2026 did not consider Jews, taken as a group, the genetic, moral or cultural equals of Nordic white men like himself and did not consider them desirable American citizens other than in very small numbers.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though Lindbergh is&nbsp;<em>The Plot Against America\u2019<\/em>s clearest antagonist, his actual actions, according to Roth, matter less than what \u201cAmerican Jews suspect, rightly or wrongly, that he might be capable of doing\u201d\u2014and, conversely, how supporters interpret his words as permission to indulge their worst instincts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As Roth concludes, \u201cLindbergh \u2026 chose himself as the leading political figure in a novel where I wanted America\u2019s Jews to feel the pressure of a genuine anti-Semitic threat.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com\/EsmOquo21jAAXNCfndfp2xcn_ds=\/fit-in\/200x200\/filters:no_upscale()\/https:\/\/tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/accounts\/headshot\/mellon.png\" alt=\"Meilan Solly\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Meilan Solly&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/meilansolly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/author\/meilan-solly\/\">READ MORE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meilan Solly is\u00a0<em>Smithsonian<\/em>\u00a0magazine&#8217;s associate digital editor, history.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/american-history\/\">AMERICAN HISTORY<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/american-presidents\/\">AMERICAN PRESIDENTS<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/based-true-story\/\">BASED ON A TRUE STORY<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/franklin-delano-roosevelt\/\">FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/judaism\/\">JUDAISM<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/media\/\">MEDIA<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/nazis\/\">NAZIS<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/religion\/\">RELIGION<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/television\/\">TELEVISION<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/tag\/world-war-ii\/\">WORLD WAR II<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>HISTORY\u00a0|\u00a0MARCH 16, 2020 (smithsonianmag.com) Philip Roth\u2019s classic novel, newly adapted by HBO, envisions a world in which Charles Lindbergh wins the 1940 presidential election Charles Lindbergh, Walter Winchell and Franklin D. Roosevelt (L to R) are among the public figures fictionalized in Philip Roth&#8217;s&nbsp;The Plot Against America.&nbsp;Photo illustration by Meilan&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/2023\/04\/11\/the-true-history-behind-the-plot-against-america\/\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25908"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25908"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25908\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25910,"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25908\/revisions\/25910"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25908"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25908"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25908"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}