{"id":7273,"date":"2017-12-25T10:24:10","date_gmt":"2017-12-25T18:24:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/occupysf.net\/?p=7273"},"modified":"2017-12-25T10:24:10","modified_gmt":"2017-12-25T18:24:10","slug":"secret-history-russian-consulate-san-francisco","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/2017\/12\/25\/secret-history-russian-consulate-san-francisco\/","title":{"rendered":"THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN CONSULATE IN SAN FRANCISCO"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wide_header transition\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wide_header_bg\" src=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicymag.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/12\/dorfman1.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"wide_header_text\"><span class=\"wide_header_section\">EXCLUSIVE<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wide_header_subtitle\">Overflights, mapping fiber-optic networks, \u201cstrange activities.\u201d Moscow\u2019s West Coast spies were busy.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wide_header_author\">BY ZACH DORFMAN<br \/>\n<span class=\"photographer\">ILLUSTRATIONS BY MATT ROTA<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"date\">DEC. 14, 2017 (foreignpolicy.com)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wide_header_author\">The first thing you need to understand about the building that, until very recently, housed the Russian Consulate in San Francisco \u2014 a city where topography is destiny, where wealth and power concentrate, quite literally, at the top \u2014 is its sense of elevation. Brick-fronted, sentinel-like, and six stories high, it sits on a hill in Pacific Heights, within one of the city\u2019s toniest zip codes. This is a neighborhood that radiates a type of wealth, power, and prestige that long predates the current wave of nouveau riche tech millionaires, or the wave before that, or the one before that. It is old and solid and comfortable with its privilege; its denizens know they have a right to rule. Indeed, from Pacific Heights, one can simultaneously gaze out on the city, the bay, the Golden Gate Bridge \u2014 and, beyond, the vast, frigid Pacific.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"wide_content\">\n<section class=\"wide_copy\">The second thing you need to understand about the closure of Russia\u2019s San Francisco consulate is that, after the Trump administration summarily announced on Aug. 31 that it would shutter the building 48 hours later, the news coverage that followed almost uniformly focused on two things: the dumbfounding heat (this city, cool and grey, is in California but not of it) and the black smoke wheezing from the consulate\u2019s chimney, as employees rushed to burn up, one assumes, anything confidential or inculpatory.<\/p>\n<p>People were right to look upward, toward the building\u2019s roof, but their focus was misplaced: It was, in reality, the motley array of antennas and satellites and electronic transmittal devices dotting the rooftop \u2014 objects viewed with deep suspicion and consternation by U.S. intelligence community officials for decades \u2014 that tells the story of the Russian Consulate in San Francisco, not the ash drifting listlessly over the neighboring mansions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"middle-align\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?url=https%3A\/\/api.soundcloud.com\/tracks\/368974748%3Fsecret_token%3Ds-A6biU&amp;color=%23ff5500&amp;auto_play=false&amp;hide_related=false&amp;show_comments=true&amp;show_user=true&amp;show_reposts=false&amp;show_teaser=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div class=\"middle-align\"><em>Listen to this story and other feature stories from\u00a0<\/em><span class=\"fp-red\">\u00a0FP<\/span><em>\u00a0and other magazines:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/goo.gl\/UdTTji\">Download the Audm app for your iPhone<\/a>.<\/em><\/div>\n<p>I rushed to the consulate the day the closure announcement was made and watched the building sit impassively in the heat, while the media crews cooled off in the shade. A suspiciously large number of delivery vans were circling, and there was an unusual concentration of loiterers (in their cars, on computers; in biking gear, across the street) on an otherwise very quiet block. Pedestrians walked by, snapping photos on their iPhones.<\/p>\n<p>San Francisco, it was clear, was now embroiled in the increasingly feverish diplomatic confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers. In July, Russian President Vladimir Putin had announced, in an interview on state-run television, that he was decreasing by 755 the total number of personnel working at U.S. diplomatic facilities in his country. Closing the San Francisco consulate (and two smaller diplomatic annexes) was the Trump administration\u2019s retaliation for this move. Putin, for his part, claimed that he was merely responding to the Barack Obama administration\u2019s December 2016\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/29\/us\/politics\/russia-spy-compounds-maryland-long-island.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shuttering<\/a>\u00a0of two Russian recreational compounds on the East Coast; the expulsion of 35 Russian diplomats, identified as spies, from the country (this list included four employees of the San Francisco consulate, including the building\u2019s \u201cchef\u201d); and a new round of congressional sanctions. The Obama administration, of course, made these moves in retaliation for the unprecedented Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.<\/p>\n<p>But why the focus on San Francisco? Why not close one of Russia\u2019s other three consulates, in New York, Seattle, or Houston? And why now?<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-contain quote-right\">\n<p class=\"blockquote fpblue\">THE ANSWER, I DISCOVERED, APPEARS TO REVOLVE AROUND AN INTENSIVE, SUSTAINED, AND MYSTIFYING PATTERN OF ESPIONAGE EMANATING FROM THE SAN FRANCISCO CONSULATE.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The answer, I discovered, appears to revolve around an intensive, sustained, and mystifying pattern of espionage emanating from the San Francisco consulate. According to multiple former intelligence officials, while these \u201cstrange activities\u201d were not limited to San Francisco or its environs, they originated far more frequently from the San Francisco consulate than any other Russian diplomatic facility in the United States, including the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C. As one former intelligence source put it, suspected Russian spies were \u201cdoing peculiar things in places they shouldn\u2019t be.\u201d Russian officials in Washington failed to respond to multiple attempts via email and phone for comment.<\/p>\n<p>In the course of reporting this story, I spoke to over half a dozen former high-level U.S. intelligence officials about the closure of the consulate. Some of these individuals, almost all of whom worked on counterintelligence in San Francisco, spoke on the record generally about Russian espionage in Northern California; extensive conversations with other former intelligence officials occurred on background, in order to discuss sensitive matters related to recent Russian activities in the Bay Area and beyond. These sources confirmed that the San Francisco consulate served a unique role in Russian intelligence-gathering operations in the United States, as an important, and perhaps unrivaled, hub for its technical collection efforts here. But, as I discovered, it was what these efforts entailed that is key to understanding why San Francisco \u2014 the oldest and most established Russian Consulate in the United States \u2014 was singled out for closure.<\/p>\n<p>For many decades, U.S. officials have been keenly aware that, because of the consulate\u2019s proximity to Silicon Valley, educational institutions such as Stanford and Berkeley, and the large number of nearby defense contractors and researchers \u2014 including two Energy Department-affiliated nuclear weapons laboratories \u2014 Russia has used San Francisco as a focal point for espionage activity. The modalities of Russian espionage in the Bay Area have historically been well known to U.S. counterintelligence personnel, who understand (at least generally) what the Russians will target and how they will try to achieve their objectives.<\/p>\n<p>One former senior counterintelligence executive, for example, recalled the \u201cdisproportionate number\u201d of science- and technology-focused Russian intelligence officers based in San Francisco, some of whom were experts in encryption and were tasked with identifying new developments in such technologies in Silicon Valley. A second former intelligence official noted the long-standing interest of Russian intelligence operatives in San Francisco in building relationships with local tech experts and venture capital firms. What has evolved, noted multiple former officials, is the intensity of Russian efforts. According to Kathleen Puckett, who spent two decades working on counterintelligence in the Bay Area, \u201cthere was more aggressiveness by the Russians in the 2000s than back in the 1980s.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-contain quote-right\">\n<p class=\"blockquote fpblue\">SUSPECTED RUSSIAN INTELLIGENCE OFFICERS, OFTEN FULLY AWARE THEY WERE BEING SURVEILLED BY THE FBI, BEGAN SHOWCASING INEXPLICABLE AND BIZARRE BEHAVIORS IN REMOTE, FORLORN, OR JUST SEEMINGLY RANDOM PLACES.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Starting roughly 10 years ago \u2014 and perhaps going even longer back, according to multiple former U.S. intelligence officials \u2014 something changed. Suspected Russian intelligence officers, often fully aware they were being surveilled by the FBI, began showcasing inexplicable and bizarre behaviors in remote, forlorn, or just seemingly random places.<\/p>\n<p>It is highly likely, sources told me, that the consulate\u2019s closure was linked to U.S. intelligence officials definitively proving long-held suspicions about the objectives of these Russian activities \u2014 or that officials could simply no longer countenance these extraordinarily aggressive intelligence-collection efforts and seized on the opportunity to disrupt them after Putin\u2019s latest diplomatic salvo.<\/p>\n<p>What seems clear is that when it came to Russian spying, San Francisco was at the very forefront of innovation.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"full-bleed fade_on_scroll\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicymag.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/12\/dorfman2.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<section class=\"wide_copy\">\n<p class=\"wide_intro_lead\">Imagine driving up and over Mount Tamalpais, the iconic 2,500-foot peak located just north of San Francisco, then switch-backing precipitously through a redwood-studded ravine until, over the horizon, you spot a giant, shimmering, curvilinear beachfront. This is Stinson Beach, a 45-minute drive from the city. Now imagine that, standing out at the water\u2019s edge, is a man in a suit \u2014 a man known to U.S. intelligence as a Russian intelligence officer. He has a small device in his hand. He stares out at the ocean for a few minutes, turns around, walks to his car, and leaves.<\/p>\n<p>This account, confirmed to me by multiple former U.S. counterintelligence officials, is one example of a spate of such odd behaviors. Suspected Russian intelligence operatives \u2014 under diplomatic cover as well as travelers visiting the country \u2014 were also found idling in wheat fields and in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest, among other places. Russia has a \u201clong and successful record of using legal travelers\u201d for intelligence-gathering purposes, Steven Hall, the CIA\u2019s former chief of Russia operations, told me. \u201cThis ranges, for example, from someone who gets a visa to do a scholarly presentation to someone who says they want to visit Napa Valley on their vacation,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-contain quote-right\">\n<p class=\"blockquote fpblue\">THE DRIVER STOOD NEXT TO HIS CAR, NOT PURCHASING ANY FUEL. THE PASSENGER APPROACHED A TREE, CIRCLING IT A FEW TIMES.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Some suspected Russian intelligence officers were found engaging in weird, repetitive behaviors in gas stations in dusky, arid burgs off Interstate 5, California\u2019s main north-south artery. In one remarkably strange case, said one former intelligence official, two suspected Russian spies were surveilled pulling into a gas station. The driver stood next to his car, not purchasing any fuel. The passenger approached a tree, circling it a few times. Then they both got back into the car and drove away. Suspected Russian intelligence operatives would perform the same strange rituals multiple times at the same gas stations.<\/p>\n<p>Multiple theories about these activities emerged. One was that the Russians were trying to confuse and overwhelm their FBI surveillance teams, in order to gauge just how extensive their coverage really was \u2014 in other words, to test the capacity of their counterspies. Another theory revolved around a long-standing communications technique among Russian spies, known as \u201cburst transmissions,\u201d wherein intelligence operatives transmit data to one another via short-wave radio communications. But for these, said another former intelligence official, you need a line of sight, and such transmissions are only effective at relatively short distances.<\/p>\n<p>Many of these behaviors, however, didn\u2019t seem to fit a mold. For one, the FBI couldn\u2019t establish that these suspected Russian intelligence operatives \u2014 some of whom were spotted with little devices in their hands, others without \u2014 were engaging in any communications. But according to multiple sources, one recurrent and worrying feature of these activities was that they often happened to correspond to places where underground nodes connected the country\u2019s fiber-optic cable network. (In a June\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2017\/06\/01\/russia-spies-espionage-trump-239003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article<\/a>,\u00a0<em>Politico<\/em>\u2019s Ali Watkins reported a few instances of these strange behaviors, tracing them back to the summer of 2016, as well as their potential connection to the fiber-optic network.)<\/p>\n<p>Over time, multiple former intelligence officials told me, the FBI concluded that Russia was engaged in a massive, long-running, and continuous data-collection operation: a mission to comprehensively locate all of America\u2019s underground communications nodes, and to map out and catalogue the points in the fiber-optic network where data were being transferred. They were \u201cobviously trying to determine how sophisticated our intelligence network is,\u201d said one former official, and these activities \u201chelped them put the dots together.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes, multiple former U.S. intelligence officials told me, Russian operatives appeared to be actively attempting to penetrate communications infrastructure \u2014 especially where undersea cables came ashore on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. They were \u201cpretty sure\u201d said a former intelligence official that, on at least one occasion on land, a Russian operative successfully broke into a data closet (a telecommunications and hardware storage center) as part of an attempt to penetrate one of these systems.<\/p>\n<p>But what was \u201creally unnerving,\u201d said the former senior counterintelligence executive, was the Russians\u2019 focus on communication nodes near military bases. According to multiple sources, U.S. officials eventually concluded that Moscow\u2019s ultimate goal was to have the capacity to sever communications, paralyzing the U.S. military\u2019s command and control systems, in case of a confrontation between the two powers. \u201cIf they can shut down our grid, and we go blind,\u201d noted a former intelligence official, \u201cthey are closer to leveling the playing field,\u201d because the United States is widely considered to possess superior command and control capabilities. When I described this purported effort to map out the fiber-optic network to Hall, the former senior CIA official, he seemed unfazed. \u201cIn the context of the Russians trying to conduct hybrid warfare in the United States, using cyber-types of tools,\u201d he said, \u201cnone of what you described would surprise me.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Multiple former intelligence officials also told me that U.S. officials were concerned that Russian intelligence operatives would provide these coordinates to deep-cover \u201cillegals\u201d \u2014 that is, Russian spies in the country under non-diplomatic cover (think of the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2010\/06\/29\/AR2010062905401.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anna Chapman network<\/a>) \u2014 or travelers, who might then carry out a sabotage campaign. There were also concerns that Russia could share these coordinates with other hostile foreign-intelligence services, such as a potential illegal Iranian network operating within the country.<\/p>\n<p>As these strange activities persisted over the last decade, former intelligence officials told me, the FBI began to collate and compare surveillance reports from across the country, overlaying them with Russian flight paths occurring as part of the overt Treaty on Open Skies collection program.<\/p>\n<p>The treaty, which entered into force in 2002, allows both the United States and Russia (and 32 other signatories) to conduct a limited number of unarmed surveillance and reconnaissance flights over each other\u2019s territory per year. (According to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/t\/avc\/rls\/2016\/258061.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the State Department<\/a>, as of 2016 the United States had flown a total of 196 such flights over Russia, while Russia had flown 71 flights over the United States.) The methods of collection \u2014 video, photographic, infrared, and radar \u2014 are highly regulated and circumscribed, and the country whose territory is being flown over must approve the requested flight path. Flights are monitored in person by representatives of the host government. Afterward, upon request, the collected data must be shared with all treaty signatories. Open Skies was conceived, essentially, as an arms-control agreement: an attempt to decrease, through greater transparency, the uncertainties surrounding each great power\u2019s array of military forces, which could lead to an erroneous nuclear exchange.<\/p>\n<p>But U.S. intelligence officials began to notice a disturbing pattern vis-\u00e0-vis these \u201cstrange activities\u201d and Open Skies: Suspected Russian operatives were appearing in places that had recently been, or were later, part of Russian flyovers. If these operatives were on the ground prior to the flight, U.S. officials suspected that they were likely helping shape coordinates for subsequent Open Skies missions, multiple former intelligence officials told me. If they appeared afterward, U.S. officials believed that the Russians had identified a potential object of interest (such as a fiber-optic node) and wanted in-person confirmation on what previously been identified during a flyover. There is simply \u201cno substitute for someone literally going to locations and recording GPS coordinates,\u201d said the former senior counterintelligence executive. \u201cFrom 30,000 feet, you\u2019re not necessarily going to have accuracy if you\u2019re pinpointing a portal.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-contain quote-right\">\n<p class=\"blockquote fpblue\">NOT ONLY WERE SUSPECTED SPIES VISITING THE SAME PLACES THAT RUSSIAN SURVEILLANCE PLANES WERE FLYING OVER AS PART OF THEIR OPEN SKIES MISSIONS, BUT THEY WERE ALSO APPEARING DIRECTLY BENEATH THESE PLANES, IN REAL TIME, WHILE THESE FLIGHTS WERE ONGOING.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Eventually, U.S intelligence officials hit on another series of correlations: Not only were suspected spies visiting the same places that Russian surveillance planes were flying over as part of their Open Skies missions, but they were also appearing directly beneath these planes, in real time, while these flights were ongoing. \u201cThe idea was that some kind of communication could have been taking place between the plane and guy on the ground,\u201d one former intelligence official told me. \u201cThe hard part was to confirm exactly what they were doing.\u201d (<span class=\"fp-red\">Foreign Policy<\/span>could not verify whether U.S. officials were able to definitively establish if, or how, such communications indeed occurred.)<\/p>\n<p>One theory, relayed to me by multiple sources, was that the Russians might have been using the flights as a communication platform \u2014 airplanes can act as a kind of cell tower, the former officials noted, receiving and transmitting data. If Moscow was concerned that U.S. counterintelligence was able to intercept encrypted data from secure communications facilities based in their diplomatic compounds, the Russians might have been seeking to bypass this possibility by secretly routing data through the passing airplanes. \u201cIf a U.S. monitor is watching three functions aboard an Open Skies flight,\u201d worried one former intelligence official, \u201cmaybe the fourth function is covert \u2014 out of sight and out of mind of observers \u2014 and while the monitor is looking at these other functions, the transmission and receipt of data is occurring under their nose.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If true, these actions by Russia would appear to violate the spirit of the Treaty on Open Skies, if not the letter itself. The treaty has strict restrictions on the types of collection that is permitted, and any covert ground-to-air communication or data transfer occurring between an aircraft and a suspected intelligence officer located below would seem to clearly contravene the agreement. This entire data-collection operation for the western United States, said one former senior counterintelligence executive, was being managed out of the San Francisco consulate.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"full-bleed fade_on_scroll\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicymag.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/12\/dorfman3.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<section class=\"wide_copy\">\n<p class=\"wide_intro_lead\">Russia has aggressively exploited its diplomatic presence in San Francisco for decades, and the United States has historically responded in kind. In 1983, for instance, the State Department\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1983\/11\/20\/world\/state-dept-alters-the-rules-for-russians-travel-in-us.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued new guidelines<\/a>\u00a0forbidding Soviet diplomats and journalists from visiting Silicon Valley. In the Ronald Reagan era, the consulate figured prominently in a number of sordid cases featuring American turncoats \u2014 including those of Allen John Davies, a former Air Force sergeant who\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/1986-10-28\/news\/mn-8049_1_san-jose-man\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offered<\/a>\u00a0the Soviets information on a secret U.S. reconnaissance program, and Richard Miller, the first FBI agent ever to be convicted of espionage, who was sleeping with \u2014\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1985\/02\/10\/magazine\/the-fbi-s-most-unwanted-spy-case.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">and passing information to<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 a Soviet agent being run out of San Francisco. In 1986, 13 San Francisco-based Soviet diplomats, accused of spying, were expelled by the Reagan administration; soon after, the Soviets\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1987\/04\/10\/world\/soviet-charges-us-with-bugging.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">publicly accused<\/a>\u00a0the FBI of operating a sophisticated bugging system in San Francisco via a tunnel it had secretly bored under the consulate. (\u201cObviously\u201d the building was bugged around this time, said Rick Smith, who worked on Russian counterintelligence for the FBI in San Francisco from 1972 to 1992.)<\/p>\n<p>In the 1970s and 1980s, the Soviets\u2019 interest in San Francisco \u201cwas primarily about economic, and not really political, intelligence,\u201d said Oleg Kalugin, a former KGB major general who served as the deputy (and later acting) chief of the KGB station at the Soviet Embassy in Washington from 1975 to 1980. \u201cThe main priority of Russian intelligence at that point was industrial development, technological development, to get equal to the United States,\u201d said Kalugin.<\/p>\n<p>Quietly but unquestionably, San Francisco had become a locus of Russian spying. \u201cIn recent years,\u201d\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1984\/10\/12\/The-Soviet-consulate-general-in-San-Francisco-located-in\/5851466401600\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">states a 1984 UPI article<\/a>, \u201cthere have been frequent reports that 50 or more spies report to the San Francisco consulate general.\u201d In fact,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/nl.newsbank.com\/nl-search\/we\/Archives?p_product=SJ&amp;p_theme=sj&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=allfields(SILICON%20VALLEY%20IS%20A%20PRIME%20TARGET%20FOR%20SPIES%20SILICON%20VALLEY)%20AND%20date(1\/1\/1985%20to%2012\/30\/1985)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=1\/1\/1985%20to%2012\/30\/1985)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(%22SILICON%20VALLEY%20IS%20A%20PRIME%20TARGET%20FOR%20SPIES%20SILICON%20VALLEY%22)&amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;xcal_useweights=no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote the San Jose Mercury<\/a>in 1985, \u201cFBI officials believe Soviet spying on the West Coast is controlled\u201d from this location. \u201cAgents say the Soviets eavesdrop on the Silicon Valley from the roof of the consulate using sophisticated electronics made in the United States.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-contain quote-right\">\n<p class=\"blockquote fpblue\">THE GIVEAWAY, EVEN THEN, WAS THE ROOF: COVERED WITH SATELLITE DISHES, ANTENNAE, AND MAKESHIFT SHACKS, THESE DEVICES POINTED TO A ROBUST RUSSIAN SIGNALS-INTELLIGENCE PRESENCE.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The giveaway, even then, was the roof: covered with satellite dishes, antennae, and makeshift shacks, these devices pointed to a robust Russian signals-intelligence presence. (The shacks, which persisted until recently, one former intelligence official told me, were erected to conceal the shape of the transmission devices from U.S. intelligence agencies, which would occasionally conduct reconnaissance overhead.)<\/p>\n<p>During that time, \u201cthere was nothing but antennas and signals\u201d on the top of the building, recalled former FBI agent LaRae Quy, who spent nearly two decades working counterintelligence in San Francisco. \u201cIt was embarrassing that we would allow that to happen. But I guess that\u2019s what the Russians did for us as well.\u201d Quy, who retired in 2006, also told me that at least 50 percent of all San Francisco consulate personnel in the 1980s were full- or part-time spies.<\/p>\n<p>This focus on signals and technical intelligence persisted until much more recently, multiple former U.S. intelligence officials told me. \u201cIt was almost like everyone they had there was a technical guy, as opposed to a human-intelligence guy,\u201d one former official recalled. \u201cThe way they protected those people \u2014 they were rarely out in the community. It was work, home, work, home. When they\u2019d go out and about, to play hockey or to drink, they\u2019d be in a group. It was hard to penetrate.\u201d The same official also noted that San Francisco was integral to the discovery by U.S. intelligence of a new class of Russian \u201ctechnical-type\u201d intelligence officer, working for the rough Russian equivalent of the National Security Agency, before this organization was eventually folded by Putin back into the FSB. This group, which was not based at the consulate itself, was identified via its members\u2019 travel patterns \u2014 they would visit the Bay Area frequently \u2014 and the types of individuals, all in high-tech development, with whom they sought contact. According to this former U.S. official, these Russian intelligence officers were particularly interested in discussing cryptology and the Next Generation Internet program.<\/p>\n<p>But it was the consulate\u2019s location \u2014 perched high atop that hill in Pacific Heights, with a direct line of sight out to the ocean \u2014 that likely determined the concentration of signals activity. Certain types of highly encrypted communications cannot be transmitted over long distances, and multiple sources told me that U.S. officials believed that Russian intelligence potentially took advantage of the consulate\u2019s location to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/10\/26\/world\/europe\/russian-presence-near-undersea-cables-concerns-us.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">communicate<\/a>\u00a0with submarines, trawlers, or listening posts located in international waters off the Northern California coast. (Russian intelligence officers may also have been remotely transmitting data to spy stations offshore, multiple former intelligence officials told me, explaining the odd behaviors on Stinson Beach.) It is also \u201cvery possible,\u201d said one former intelligence official, that the Russians were using the San Francisco consulate to monitor the movements, and perhaps communications, of the dozen or so U.S. nuclear-armed submarines that routinely patrol the Pacific from their base in Washington state.<\/p>\n<p>All in all, said this same official, it was \u201cvery likely\u201d that the consulate functioned for Russia as a classified communications hub for the entire western United States \u2014 and, perhaps, the entire western part of the hemisphere.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"full-bleed fade_on_scroll\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicymag.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/12\/dorfman4.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<section class=\"wide_copy\">\n<p class=\"wide_intro_lead\">The closure of the San Francisco consulate cannot, of course, be decoupled from the political circumstances surrounding it. Because of the unique, and uniquely unsettling, history and attitude of U.S. President Donald Trump toward Russia \u2014 the one country treated with forbearance by a president who blithely aggrieves adversaries and allies alike \u2014 the administration\u2019s actions in San Francisco were viewed with perplexity and suspicion by a number of the former intelligence officials with whom I spoke.<\/p>\n<p>First, some note, there is the issue of retaliatory balance: In these kinds of diplomatic conflicts, there is an expectation of parity in terms of the damage you inflict on your antagonist. Putin\u2019s move \u2014 to order a 755-person staff decrease among U.S. diplomatic mission employees in Russia \u2014 appeared far more aggressive than it actually was. The U.S. government employs hundreds of Russians (knowing full well that some may be spies) to help staff its diplomatic facilities in that country, and almost all the affected individuals under these cuts were Russian nationals, not U.S. diplomats or intelligence officials in Russia under diplomatic cover. The sting of this decision was further lessened by the fact that, as one source told me, U.S. intelligence officials have been pushing the State Department for years to decrease local staff in its diplomatic facilities in Russia because of ubiquitous concerns about espionage. Putin\u2019s decision, then, was not without risks for Russian intelligence-gathering operations themselves. \u201cThe downside for the Russians is that [by ordering the staffing decrease] you\u2019re the cutting number of potential informants,\u201d noted Hall, the CIA\u2019s former chief of Russia operations.<\/p>\n<p>The outright shuttering of the San Francisco consulate by the Trump administration, then, seems to be a more severe countermeasure than the Russian actions that immediately precipitated it. The closure announcement, Hall said, was \u201cgreat news, and long overdue.\u201d Stephanie Douglas, who served as the FBI special agent in charge of the San Francisco Division from 2009 to 2012, characterized the administration\u2019s decision as \u201cincredibly aggressive and pretty stunning, honestly.\u201d It was \u201ca blow to the Russians to have this consulate close, in particular,\u201d the former senior counterintelligence executive said. Another former intelligence official called it \u201cunprecedented.\u201d Compounding the mystery further has been Russia\u2019s relatively muted response; a sign, this last former official speculated, that Putin may still be holding out hope for some kind of grand bargain with the Trump administration. \u201cIf they don\u2019t react to closing of the San Francisco consulate,\u201d wondered the former official, \u201cwhat\u2019s the payback they\u2019re waiting for?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The incongruities here are unsettling. On the one hand, Trump\u2019s decision to shut down the San Francisco consulate was far more consequential and assertive than most realized at the time; on the other hand, there is no evidence \u2014 nor any good reason to believe, given his past proclivities \u2014 that Trump himself understood the gravity of his own move. \u201cBased on my other interactions with West Wing officials, and the depth of their understanding on the issues in general, I would be very surprised personally if President Trump had any \u2026 comprehension of that at all,\u201d said Jeffrey Edmonds, who served as the National Security Council\u2019s director for Russia until April 2017.<\/p>\n<p>Edmonds suggested the locus of the closure decision was likely the National Security Council\u2019s Principals Committee \u2014 particularly Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and Secretary of Defense James Mattis \u2014 and that the move was thereafter delivered to Trump as a\u00a0<em>fait accompli<\/em>. \u201cI\u2019ve heard that, generally, when Tillerson and Mattis come to an agreement and present something to the president, he\u2019s usually pretty on board with that,\u201d Edmonds said.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-contain quote-right\">\n<p class=\"blockquote fpblue\">ONE FORMER INTELLIGENCE OFFICIAL OFFERED THAT THE CONSULATE\u2019S CLOSURE MAY BE A SIGNAL FROM TRUMP TO ROBERT MUELLER, A WAY FOR THE PRESIDENT TO SHOW THE SPECIAL COUNSEL THAT HIS ADMINISTRATION IS NOT IN THRALL TO RUSSIAN INTERESTS, FINANCIALLY OR PERSONALLY.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>This National Security Council-centered account was the most benign theory I heard. One former intelligence official offered that the consulate\u2019s closure may be a signal from Trump to Robert Mueller, a way for the president to show the special counsel appointed to investigate election-year collusion with Moscow that his administration is not in thrall to Russian interests, financially or personally. A second former official speculated that the closure will be temporary and that after, say, a future terrorist attack in the United States, Moscow might ostentatiously offer to provide intelligence on the perpetrators, and the Trump administration \u2014 grateful for Russia\u2019s cooperation and assistance \u2014 might then return the building to its erstwhile tenants.<\/p>\n<p>These former U.S. officials were as united in their opinion about Russia\u2019s long-term objectives as they were divided about Trump\u2019s short-term intentions. Every former intelligence officer I spoke with for this story was confident that Russia will continue aggressive human-intelligence-gathering operations in the Bay Area, likely through individuals under non-official cover \u2014 say, via engineers or data scientists. \u201cSilicon Valley loves Russian programmers,\u201d remarked one former intelligence official.<\/p>\n<p>The dynamics and methods they employ will necessarily change, these officials said, but San Francisco and Silicon Valley are simply too target-rich, too valuable, and too soft for them to cease activities here. The spy war will endure; the Russians will, over time, rebuild their networks, adjusting their activities to account for their lack of local diplomatic cover. Ultimately, the circumstances surrounding the closure of the San Francisco consulate are just one piece in a much larger, and far more shadowy, antagonism between the two nuclear superpowers. \u201cThe great game is upon us again,\u201d one former intelligence official said to me. \u201cSan Francisco has always been a focal point for Russian interests. The work won\u2019t stop.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"author_bio\"><em>Zach Dorfman is a senior fellow at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs and an investigative journalist. Follow him on Twitter:\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/zachsdorfman\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@zachsdorfman<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EXCLUSIVE Overflights, mapping fiber-optic networks, \u201cstrange activities.\u201d Moscow\u2019s West Coast spies were busy. BY ZACH DORFMAN ILLUSTRATIONS BY MATT ROTA DEC. 14, 2017 (foreignpolicy.com) The first thing you need to understand about the building that, until very recently, housed the Russian Consulate in San Francisco \u2014 a city where topography&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/2017\/12\/25\/secret-history-russian-consulate-san-francisco\/\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7273"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7273"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7273\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7274,"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7273\/revisions\/7274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7273"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7273"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/occupysf.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}